1. An atom with 9 protons and 8 electrons is:
a) hydrogen
b) helium
c) negatively charged
d) ionized
e) carbon

2. The most energetic region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum is:
a) Gamma Ray region
b) Visible region
c) Ultraviolet region
d) Radio region
e) Infrared region

3. The Sun:
a) is the most luminous star in the galaxy
b) is 100 A.U. from the Earth
c) has a surface (i.e., photospheric) temperature of 10,000,000K
d) has a diameter 100 times that of the Earth
e) has a luminosity of 4 X 10² Watts

4. The filament in Light Bulb A has a temperature that is three times that in Light Bulb B. Therefore:
a) The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Bulb A is three times that of Bulb B
b) The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Bulb A is 1/3rd that of Bulb B
c) The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Bulb A is the same as that of Bulb B
d) The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Bulb A is nine times that of Bulb B
e) The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Bulb A is 1/9th that of Bulb B

5. A photon of light with a wavelength of 8 X 10^-7 meters has an energy of:
a) Half that of a photon with a wavelength of 4 X 10^-7 meters.
b) Twice that of a photon with a wavelength of 4 X 10^-7 meters.
c) The same as that of a photon with a wavelength of 4 X 10^-7 meters.
d) Four times that of a photon with a wavelength of 4 X 10^-7 meters.
e) One quarter that of a photon with a wavelength of 4 X 10^-7 meters.

6. The temperature at which water freezes is:
a) 0K.
b) -273K.
c) 273K.
d) 373K.
e) 100K.

7. Star A emits most of its light in the visible part of the spectrum, Star B emits most of its light in the ultraviolet, while Star C emits most of its light in the infrared. Therefore:
a) Star A is hotter than Star B, and Star B is hotter than Star C.
b) Star C is hotter than Star B, and Star B is hotter than Star A.
c) Star B is hotter than Star A, and Star A is hotter than Star C.
d) Star A is hotter than Star C, and Star C is hotter than Star B.
e) Star C is hotter than Star A, and Star A is hotter than Star B.

8. An atom of ¹³C has:
a) 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
b) 7 protons and 6 neutrons.
c) 5 protons and 6 neutrons.
d) 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
e) 5 protons and 8 neutrons.

9. Which of the following is true about the Sun?
a) It is slowly shrinking with time, due to its gravity.
b) It is in equilibrium, with gravity balanced by gas pressure.
c) It is a hot solid object, like a filament in a light bulb.
d) It is the most luminous star in the sky.
e) It is about the same physical size as the Earth.

10. The mass of a neutron is:
a) About the same as that of a proton.
b) About the same as that of an electron.
c) About 2000 times larger than that of a proton.
d) About 2000 times less than that of a proton.
e) About the same as that of a carbon atom.

11. A ²H atom has:
a) 2 protons.
b) 2 neutrons.
c) 2 electrons.
d) 1 proton and 1 neutron.
e) 2 neutrinos.

12. Star A has a surface temperature of 5000K, while Star B has a surface temperature of 10,000K. Therefore the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star A is:
a) Half that of the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star B.
b) Twice that of the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star B.
c) The same as the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star B.
d) Four times that of the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star B.
e) One quarter that of the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star B.

13. If an electron escapes from an atom, the atom that is left behind is called:
a) an isotope.
b) an ion.
c) a neutrino.
d) a positron.
e) a photon.

14. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is:
a) an astronomical unit.
b) a light year.
c) a billion miles.
d) 50,000 kilometers.
e) 8.3 arcseconds.

15. Kinetic energy is:
a) Energy of motion.
b) Stored energy.
c) Energy carried in light.
d) Chemical potential energy.
e) Gravitational potential energy.

16. Which of the following lists the six regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum in the correct order, from shortest wavelength to longest wavelength?
a) Gamma Rays, X-Rays, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, Radio.
b) Gamma Rays, X-Rays, Visible, Ultraviolet, Infrared, Radio.
c) Gamma Rays, UV, Visible, Infrared, X-Rays, Radio.
d) Gamma Rays, X-Rays, UV, Visible, Infrared, Radio.
e) Radio, Infrared, Visible, UV, Gamma Rays, X-Rays.

17. Zero degrees Kelvin is:
a) the boiling point of water.
b) the freezing point of water.
c) Zero degrees Celsius.
d) the boiling point of nitrogen.
e) absolute zero.

18. Radiative energy is:
a) energy of motion.
b) energy stored for future use.
c) energy from nuclear power plants.
d) energy carried by light.
e) energy used by car radiators.

19. A ⁴He atom has:
a) 4 protons and 4 neutrons.
b) 4 protons and 0 neutrons.
c) 3 protons and 1 neutron.
d) 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
e) 1 protons and 3 neutrons.

20. The location of a specific atom in the Periodic Table is determined by:
a) The number of electrons in the atom.
b) The number of protons in the atom.
c) The number of neutrons in the atom.
d) The temperature of the atom.
e) The total number of protons and electrons in the atom.

21. What holds the nuclei of atoms together?
a) The gravitational force
b) The electromagnetic force
c) The strong force
d) The weak force
e) The electroweak force

22. The full Moon has an angular size of 1800 arcseconds. How many arcminutes is this?
a) 18 arcminutes
b) 180 arcminutes
c) 0.5 arcminutes
d) 30 arcminutes
e) 1 arcminute

23. Which of the following gives the correct order for the following types of light, in terms of the energy of carried by the light (starting with the MOST energetic first)?
a) blue, orange, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves.
b) orange, blue, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves.
c) ultraviolet, blue, orange, infrared, microwaves.
d) ultraviolet, blue, orange, microwaves, infrared.
e) microwaves, infrared, orange, blue, ultraviolet.

24. An atom with 4 protons, 3 electrons, and 4 neutrons is:
a) positively charged.
b) helium.
c) an isotope of an atom with 3 protons, 3 electrons, and 4 neutrons.
d) an ion of an atom with 3 protons, 3 electrons, and 4 neutrons.
e) an isotope of an atom with 4 protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons.

25. In the core of the Sun:
a) The atoms are essentially all ionized.
b) Positrons are being produced.
c) Neutrinos are being produced.
d) Hydrogen is being converted into helium.
e) All of the above.

26. The frequency of light:
a) has units of meters.
b) has units of seconds.
c) has units of seconds².
d) is directly proportional to its wavelength.
e) is directly proportional to its energy.

27. An observer views two 100-Watt light bulbs. Bulb A is 1 meter away; Bulb B is 4 meters away. To the observer,
a) Bulb A appears 4 times brighter than Bulb B.
b) Bulb A appears 16 times brighter than Bulb B.
c) Bulb A appears 1/4 as bright as Bulb B.
d) Bulb A appears 1/16th as bright as Bulb B.
e) Bulb A and Bulb B have the same brightness.

28. An observer views two 100-Watt light bulbs. Bulb A is 1 meter away; Bulb B is 5 meters away. To the observer,
a) Bulb A appears 5 times brighter than Bulb B.
b) Bulb A appears 25 times brighter than Bulb B.
c) Bulb A appears 50 times brighter than Bulb B.
d) Bulb B appears 5 times brighter than Bulb A.
e) Bulb A and Bulb B have the same brightness.

29. The closest stars to us (beside the Sun), the alpha Centauri triplet, are approximately:
a) 8.3 light minutes away.
b) 8.3 A.U. away.
c) 4.3 A.U. away.
d) 4.3 light years away.
e) 8.3 light years away.

30. Star A and Star B have the same radius, but the temperature of Star A is three times that of star B. Therefore:
a) Star A is three times more luminous than Star B.
b) Star A is nine times more luminous than Star B.
c) Star A is 27 times more luminous than Star B.
d) Star A is 81 times more luminous than Star B.
e) Star A and Star B have the same luminosity.

31. Star A has a parallax shift of 0.2 arcseconds. Therefore:
a) Star A is 1/0.2 = 5 light years away from us.
b) Star A is 1/0.1 = 10 light years away from us.
c) Star A is 1/0.2 = 5 parsecs away from us.
d) Star A is 1/0.1 = 10 parsecs away from us.
e) Star A is 0.2 parsecs away from us.

32. Barnard's Star has a stellar parallax of 0.5 arcseconds. This means:
a) Barnard's Star is 0.5 light years away.
b) Barnard's Star is 0.5 parsecs away.
c) Barnard's Star is 2 light years away.
d) Barnard's Star is 2 parsecs away.
e) Barnard's Star is moving through space at a rate of 0.5 arcseconds/year.

33. A parsec is a unit of:
a) distance.
b) time.
c) angle.
d) magnitude.
e) brightness.

34. The photosphere of the Sun is:
a) the location where nuclear fusion occurs, and high energy radiation is produced.
b) the layer of the Sun that we see in visible light.
c) the solid surface of the Sun.
d) the boundary between the liquid inner core of the Sun and the Sun's gaseous atmosphere.
e) mostly made of iron and magnesium.

35. What is produced by the main set of reactions in the Sun?
a) carbon.
b) iron.
c) silicon.
d) helium.
e) uranium.

36. Deuterium is:
a) ¹H.
b) ²H.
c) ²He.
d) ⁴He.
e) A neutral subatomic particle with a mass less than 1/2000th that of an electron.

37. Star A has a photospheric temperature of 3000K, while Star B's photospheric temperature is 6000K. The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Star A is therefore:
a) Two times that of Star B.
b) One half that of Star B.
c) The same as that of Star B.
d) Four times that of Star B.
e) One quarter that of Star B.

38. A ¹³N⁺ atom has:
a) 13 protons, 13 neutrons, 12 electrons.
b) 6 protons, 7 neutrons, 5 electrons.
c) 7 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons.
d) 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 6 electrons.
e) 7 protons, 6 neutrons, 8 electrons.

39. An arcsecond is:
a) 1/3600th of a second.
b) 1/3600th of a degree.
c) 1/60th of a degree.
d) 60 degrees.
e) The distance light travels in a second.

40. A solar luminosity is:
a) 3.9 X 10²⁶ Joules.
b) 3.9 X 10²⁶ Hertz.
c) 3.9 X 10²⁶ Watts.
d) 3.9 X 10²⁶ light years.
e) 3.9 X 10²⁶ astronomical units.

41. Wien's Law states that the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of an object emitting thermal radiation is:
a) proportional to the temperature of the object.
b) inversely proportional to the temperature of the object.
c) inversely proportional to the square of the temperature of the object.
d) proportional to the frequency of the light at that wavelength.
e) proportional to the energy of the light at that wavelength.

42. A positron is:
a) a proton that has escaped from an atom.
b) an anti-electron.
c) an atom that has lost an electron.
d) a negatively-charged proton.
e) a high energy photon of light.

43. What is produced in the FIRST step of the proton-proton chain in the Sun?
a) ⁴He
b) ³He
c) a deuterium nucleus, a neutrino, and a positron.
d) ³H.
e) ⁴H and neutrinos.

44. The mass of an electron is:
a) approximately equal to that of a proton.
b) approximately equal to that of a neutron.
c) equal to that of a positron.
d) equal to that of a neutrino.
e) zero.

45. The process of hydrogen being converted into helium is called:
a) Ionization.
b) Excitation.
c) Fission.
d) Fusion.
e) Neutrino oscillations.

46. The temperature 212 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to:
a) 0 degrees Kelvin.
b) 100 degrees Kelvin.
c) 273 degrees Kelvin.
d) 373 degrees Kelvin.
e) 473 degrees Kelvin.

47. The temperature 473K is equal to:
a) 0 degrees Celsius.
b) 100 degrees Celsius.
c) 200 degrees Celsius.
d) 473 degrees Celsius.
e) 600 degrees Celsius.

48. The answer to 8 X 10⁸/4 X 10^-3 is:
a) 2 X 10⁵
b) 2 X 10¹¹
c) 2 X 10²⁴
d) 2 X 10^-24
e) 4 X 10⁵

49. If the temperature of a burner on your stove is increased:
a) It emits more light per second, and the wavelength of the peak of its spectrum increases.
b) It emits more light per second, and the wavelength of the peak of its spectrum decreases.
c) It emits less light per second, and the wavelength of the peak of its spectrum increases.
d) It emits less light per second, and the wavelength of the peak of its spectrum decreases.
e) It emits more light per second, but the wavelength of the peak of its spectrum does not change.

50. In atoms of all chemical elements except hydrogen, there is more than one positively-charged proton. What prevents the nuclei of atoms from flying apart?
a) The weak force
b) The electroweak force
c) The gravitational force
d) The electromagnetic force
e) The strong force

51. What is the correct order of the following types of light, in terms of their frequency, from HIGHEST to LOWEST?
a) radio, infrared, red, green, ultraviolet, X-rays.
b) X-rays, ultraviolet, green, red, infrared, radio.
c) X-rays, infrared, green, red, ultraviolet, radio.
d) radio, ultraviolet, red, green, infrared, X-rays.
e) X-rays, radio, ultraviolet, infrared, red, green.

52. The Sun is:
a) 8.3 light minutes away.
b) 8.3 light years away.
c) 8.3 A.U. away.
d) 8.3 arcminutes away.
e) 8.3 parsecs away.

53. Which of the following pairs of particles have the same mass?
a) a proton and an electron.
b) an electron and a neutron.
c) a positron and a proton.
d) a positron and an electron.
e) a proton and a neutrino.

54. In the proton-proton chain sequence of nuclear reactions, when a deuterium nucleus is fused with an ¹H nucleus, what is produced?
a) a ⁴He nucleus
b) a ³He nucleus
c) a ⁶C nucleus, a neutrino, and a positron.
d) a ³H nucleus.
e) a ⁴H nucleus and a neutrino.

55. The strong force is responsible for:
a) keeping electrons bound to the nuclei of atoms.
b) the gravitational force that keeps the Earth in orbit around the Sun.
c) keeping the nuclei of atoms together.
d) causing two positively-charged atoms to repel each other.
e) causing annihilation when an electron and positron collide.

56. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is:
a) 1 parsec.
b) 1 light year.
c) 8.3 light minutes.
d) 64,000 Astronomical Units.
e) 3.26 light years.

57. The mass of a positron is closest to that of:
a) a neutron.
b) an electron.
c) a proton.
d) a neutrino.
e) a photon.

58. How long do individual granules on the face of the Sun last, on average?
a) 5 - 10 minutes.
b) 1 - 100 days.
c) 11 years.
d) 22 years.
e) more than four hundred years. We still see the same granules that Galileo saw.

59. The convective zone in the Sun lies:
a) Just below the photosphere.
b) Just above the photosphere; it is the lower atmosphere.
c) Just above the core of the Sun; it is the next layer above the core.
d) It is the outermost layer of the Sun; it is the upper atmosphere.
e) The convective zone is another name for the core of the Sun, where the nuclear reactions occur.

60. Why does it take so long for the energy produced in the core of the Sun to make its way out of the Sun?
a) The convective cells in the convective layer move very slowly, transporting the energy very slowly.
b) The speed of light is very low in the interior of the Sun because of the strong gravity.
c) Photons do not travel very far without being absorbed, and when they are re-emitted, it is in a random direction.
d) Millions of small black holes throughout the Sun trap the energy.
e) The nuclear reactions in the core produce mostly radio waves, which travel very slowly.

61. The energy carried by a gamma ray photon produced in the core of the Sun reaches the Earth:
a) Immediately after the photon is produced.
b) 8.3 minutes after the photon is produced.
c) 2-3 days after the photon is produced.
d) A year after the photon is produced.
e) Many thousands of years after the photon is produced.

62. The layer in the Sun which is the most convective is:
a) The core.
b) The layer just outside the core: between one quarter and one half of the radius.
c) The thick layer just below the photosphere.
d) The Radiative Zone.
e) There is no convection going on in the Sun.

63. From inside to out, what is the correct order of the following regions in the Sun?
a) core, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.
b) core, convective zone, radiative zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.
c) core, radiative zone, convective zone, chromosphere, photosphere, corona.
d) core, convective zone, radiative zone, chromosphere, photosphere, corona.
e) core, radiative zone, chromosphere, convective zone, photosphere, corona.

64. Which of the following types of light has the highest frequency?
a) Red.
b) X-Rays.
c) Radio.
d) Gamma Rays.
e) Ultraviolet.

65. What kind of light has an energy per photon between that of X-rays and visible light?
a) Radio waves.
b) Infrared.
c) Gamma Rays.
d) Microwaves.
e) Ultraviolet light.

66. An Astronomical Unit is equal to:
a) The distance from the Earth to the Moon.
b) The distance to alpha Centauri.
c) 8.3 light years.
d) 8.3 light minutes.
e) 8.3 parsecs.

67. Which of the following particles has the highest mass?
a) a positron.
b) an electron.
c) a proton.
d) a neutrino.
e) a photon.

68. For a dense gas or a hot solid, the hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of the peak of the spectrum. This rule is called:
a) Wien's Law.
b) Stefan's Law.
c) The inverse square law of light.
d) Boltzmann's Law.
e) Parallax.

69. Star A has a photospheric temperature of 8,000K, while Star B's photospheric temperature is 4,000K. The two stars have the same radius. The luminosity of Star A is therefore:
a) Two times that of Star B.
b) One half that of Star B.
c) The same as that of Star B.
d) Four times that of Star B.
e) sixteen that of Star B.

70. The Sun's chromosphere:
a) Lies just above the photosphere.
b) Lies just below the photosphere.
c) Is just above the core of the Sun; it is the next layer above the core.
d) Is the outermost layer of the Sun; it is the upper atmosphere.
e) The chromosphere is another name for the core of the Sun, where the nuclear reactions occur.

71. If the Sun were 10 A.U. away from us, how would its brightness change, relative to what it is now?
a) It would not change.
b) It would DECREASE by a factor of 10.
c) It would DECREASE by a factor of 10² = 100.
d) It would INCREASE by a factor of 10.
e) It would DECREASE by a factor of 10³ = 1000.

72. Which kind of light travels fastest in a vacuum?
a) X-Rays.
b) Gamma Rays.
c) Radio waves.
d) Infrared.
e) They all travel at the same speed.

73. The temperature in Celsius is equal to:
a) degrees Fahrenheit - 273.
b) degrees Fahrenheit + 273.
c) degrees Kelvin + 273.
d) (degrees Kelvin X 5/9 ) + 273.
e) degrees Kelvin - 273.

74. Which of the following is a unit of frequency?
a) Hertz.
b) Watt.
c) Joule.
d) Parsec.
e) Arcsec.

75. The answer to (8 X 10⁵)/(2 X 10^-2) is:
a) 2 X 10^-7
b) 4 X 10⁷
c) 4 X 10³
d) 2 X 10⁷
e) 4 X 10^-3

76. In which part of the Sun is the random walk process important, in delaying the time that it takes energy to make its way out of the Sun?
a) The convective zone.
b) The chromosphere.
c) The corona.
d) The photosphere.
e) The radiative zone.

77. A neutrino is:
a) A Hydrogen atom with a neutron.
b) Much lower mass than an electron.
c) About the same mass as a proton.
d) About 2000 times more massive than a proton.
e) A particle of light.

78. What is an atom with 7 electrons, 8 protons, and 9 neutrons? (Hint: use the periodic table on the wall).
a) ¹⁵Boron.
b) ¹⁵Oxygen.
c) ¹⁷Oxygen.
d) ¹⁶Flourine.
e) ¹⁷Flourine.

79. In the third step of the proton-proton chain sequence of nuclear reactions occuring in the core of the Sun, two ³He nuclei react. What is produced?
a) A ⁶C nucleus.
b) A ⁴He nucleus and two ¹H nuclei.
c) Six ¹H nuclei.
d) Four ¹H nuclei and two neutrons.
e) Only gamma rays: all of the mass is turned into light.

80. What do scientists call the process when an electron in an atom gains energy, and jumps to a higher energy level (a higher orbit) in the atom?
a) Isotopization.
b) Excitation.
c) Ionization.
d) De-excitation.
e) Fusion.

81. A parsec is:
a) 1/3600 of a degree.
b) 3.26 light years.
c) 8.3 light minutes.
d) The distance from the Earth to the Sun.
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon.

82. To a solar astronomer, a `granule' is:
a) a sub-atomic particle produced in the core of the Sun.
b) a unit of energy equal to 4.2 joules.
c) another name for a sunspot.
d) the top of a convective cell in the Sun.
e) the angular size of the Sun, as seen from Earth.

83. Stefan's Law relates:
a) the temperature of a star to its luminosity.
b) the temperature of a star to the peak of its spectrum.
c) the wavelength of light to its frequency.
d) the angular size of an object to its distance.
e) the brightness of a star to its distance.

84. Which of the following types of light has the lowest frequency?
a) Red.
b) X-Rays.
c) Radio.
d) Gamma Rays.
e) Ultraviolet.

85. What kind of light has an energy per photon between that of Gamma rays and ultraviolet light?
a) Radio waves.
b) Infrared.
c) Visible.
d) Microwaves.
e) X-rays.

86. What is the name of the closest star system to us besides the Sun?
a) Betelgeuse.
b) alpha Centauri.
c) Polaris.
d) Sirius.
e) Capella.

87. Which of the following types of particles is produced in large numbers in the core of the Sun, and then travel directly out of the Sun only rarely interacting with anything?
a) positrons.
b) electrons.
c) neutrons.
d) neutrinos.
e) gamma ray photons.

88. If b is brightness, T is temperature, L is luminosity, and D is distance, what is the formula for the inverse square law of light?
a) b = L/(4*pi*D²).
b) L = b/(4*pi*D²).
c) b = D/(4*pi*L²).
d) L = D/(4*pi*T²).
e) b = L/D.

89. Which layer of the Sun lies directly below (inside) the photosphere?
a) The radiative zone.
b) The chromosphere.
c) The convective zone.
d) The corona.
e) The core.

90. Imagine that a new faint star was discovered that shifts in position relative to the background stars by a total of 2 arcseconds over the course of six months, and then, over the next six months, it shifts back to its original position. How far away is this star?
a) 2 light years.
b) 2 parsecs.
c) 1 light year.
d) 1 parsec.
e) 1/2 light year.

91. If you were in a spacecraft orbiting the Sun at a distance of 0.5 A.U. = 1/2 A.U., how much brighter would the Sun appear to you compared to an observer on the Earth?
a) 2 times brighter.
b) 4 times brighter.
c) 8 times brighter.
d) 16 times brighter.
e) The Sun would have the same brightness.

92. Which of the following types of light has wavelengths longer than visible light?
a) radio and infrared.
b) X-rays and gamma rays.
c) radio and X-rays.
d) infrared and gamma rays.
e) infrared and X-rays.

93. The temperature 373 Kelvin is equal to:
a) 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
b) 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
c) 100 degrees Celsius.
d) 0 degrees Celsius.
e) 0 degrees Fahrenheit.

94. The strong force is active over what distance scale?
a) the distances between stars.
b) the distances between planets in a solar system.
c) the distance between two atoms in a gas.
d) the distance between the nucleus of an atom and the electrons orbiting the atom.
e) the distances between particles in the nucleus of an atom.

95. A Hertz is a unit of:
a) Luminosity.
b) Brightness.
c) Energy.
d) Frequency.
e) Angle.

96. A Watt is a unit of:
a) Luminosity.
b) Brightness.
c) Energy.
d) Frequency.
e) Angle.

97. How far does light travel in 8.3 minutes?
a) 8.3 parsecs.
b) 8.3 X 60 parsecs = 498 parsecs.
c) 1 Astronomical Unit.
d) 8.3 arcminutes.
e) From the Earth to the Moon.

98. Hydrogen atoms with no neutrons are:
a) called neutrinos.
b) called deuterium atoms.
c) called ions.
d) the common form of hydrogen.
e) Hydrogen atoms always have at least one neutron.

99. The term `excitation', when referring to an atom, means:
a) the atom has lost an electron.
b) the atom has fused with another atom.
c) the nucleus of the atom has been split into two or more parts.
d) the atom has gained a neutron.
e) an electron in the atom has gained energy and jumped to a higher energy level.

100. A photon of light with a wavelength of 8000 Angstroms has an energy of:
a) Half that of a photon with a wavelength of 4000 Angstroms.
b) Twice that of a photon with a wavelength of 4000 Angstroms.
c) The same as that of a photon with a wavelength of 4000 Angstroms.
d) Four times that of a photon with a wavelength of 4000 Angstroms.
e) One quarter that of a photon with a wavelength of 4000 Angstroms.

101. 3600 arcseconds is equal to:
a) 1 parsec.
b) 1 Astronomical Unit.
c) 1 degree.
d) 1 light year.
e) 1 Hertz.

102. Close-up views of the Sun reveal small scale (1000 km) variations in brightness over the entire photosphere. Solar Astronomers call these variations:
a) Kelvin specks.
b) granules.
c) floxans.
d) arcspots.
e) Hertz regions.

103. Which of the following types of light has the longest wavelength?
a) Red.
b) X-Rays.
c) Gamma Rays.
d) Ultraviolet.
e) Radio.

104. Compared to other types of light, X-rays:
a) have the longest wavelengths.
b) have the shortest wavelengths.
c) have wavelengths between those of ultraviolet and those of visible light.
d) have wavelengths between those of infrared and those of radio.
e) have wavelengths between those of ultraviolet and those of gamma-rays.

105. The yellow star Capella is about the same temperature as the Sun, but is 10 times bigger in diameter. How does Capella's luminosity compare with that of the Sun?
a) it is the same.
b) 10 times bigger.
c) 100 times bigger.
d) 10⁴ = 10,000 times bigger.
e) It depends upon our distance to Capella.

106. Which of the following is NOT true about neutrinos?
a) they have neutral electrical charge.
b) they are about the same mass as a proton.
c) they are produced in the proton-proton chain in the Sun.
d) they rarely interact with normal matter, so can fly straight out of the Sun once they are produced.
e) they are difficult to detect, so are hard to study.

107. Betelgeuse has a photospheric temperature which is about half that of the Sun. The wavelength of the peak of the spectrum of Betelgeuse is therefore:
a) Two times that of the Sun.
b) One half that of the Sun.
c) Four times that of the Sun.
d) One quarter that of Sun.
e) The same as that of the Sun.

108. Which layer of the Sun lies directly above (just outside) the core?
a) The radiative zone.
b) The chromosphere.
c) The convective zone.
d) The corona.
e) The photosphere.

109. If D is the distance to a star and p is its observed parallax, the formula that relates these two quantities is:
a) p is proportional to D.
b) p is proportional to 1/D.
c) p is proportional to 1/D².
d) p² is proportional to D.
e) p is proportional to 1/D⁴.

110. The temperature 0K is equal to:
a) -273 degrees Fahrenheit.
b) 273 degrees Celsius.
c) -273 degrees Celsius.
d) -373 degrees Celsius.
e) -373 degrees Fahrenheit.

111. Three ordinary light bulbs with metal filaments are displayed. Light Bulb A has a yellowish glow, Light Bulb B has a reddish glow, and Light Bulb C has a blueish white glow. Therefore, in order of temperature, from coldest to hottest, the filaments in the bulbs are:
a) A, B, C.
b) C, A, B.
c) A, C, B.
d) B, A, C.
e) C, B, A.

112. An ionized atom is:
a) an atom with an electron that has jumped to a higher energy level.
b) an atom that has lost an electron.
c) an atom that has bound to another atom to make a molecule.
d) an atom with an extra neutron.
e) an atom with an electron that has jumped down to the ground energy level.

113. A ³H atom contains:
a) 3 protons, 3 neutrons.
b) 1 proton, 1 neutron.
c) 1 proton, 2 neutrons.
d) 3 protons, 0 neutrons.
e) 2 protons, 1 neutrons.

114. For a solid or dense gas, the equation that relates the wavelength of the peak of the thermal spectrum lambda(max) to its temperature T is called:
a) Wien's Law.
b) Stefan's Law.
c) Boltzman's Law.
d) Hertz's Law.
e) The inverse square law of light.

115. A Joule is a unit of:
a) Energy.
b) Luminosity.
c) Distance.
d) Frequency.
e) Angle.

116. An Astronomical Unit is:
a) The same thing as a Light Year.
b) 4.3 light years.
c) 60 arcminutes.
d) 8.3 light minutes.
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon.

117. An atom with 3 protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons is:
a) negatively charged.
b) carbon.
c) an ionized version of an atom with 4 protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons.
d) an isotope of an atom with 3 protons, 2 electrons, and 3 neutrons.
e) an isotope of an atom with 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons.

118. What do scientists call the process in which an electron in an atom has gained energy and jumped to a higher energy level in the atom?
a) ionization.
b) nuclear fusion.
c) isotopization.
d) excitation.
e) de-excitation.

119. A parsec is equal to:
a) 8.3 light minutes.
b) 8.3 arcminutes.
c) 3.26 light years.
d) 3.26 Astronomical Units.
e) 1/60th of a degree.

120. Solar granules are:
a) Identical to sunspots.
b) Charged particles leaving the Sun and traveling at high speeds outwards through the rest of the solar system.
c) Very low mass neutral subatomic particles produced by nuclear reactions in the Sun.
d) Helium nuclei produced by nuclear reactions in the core of the Sun.
e) Small-scale variations in the brightness of the Sun's photophere, caused by convection.

121. In Einstein's equation E = mc², what does the `c' represent?
a) the frequency of the light being studied.
b) the temperature of the object, in degrees Celsius.
c) the speed of light.
d) the wavelength of the light being studied.
e) the brightness of the light being studied.

Answers: 1d, 2a, 3d, 4b, 5a, 6c, 7c, 8d, 9b, 10a, 11d, 12b, 13b, 14a, 15a, 16d, 17e, 18d, 19d, 20b, 21c, 22d, 23c, 24a, 25e, 26e, 27b, 28b, 29d, 30d, 31c, 32d, 33a, 34b, 35d, 36b, 37a, 38c, 39b, 40c, 41b, 42b, 43c, 44c, 45d, 46d, 47c, 48b, 49b, 50e, 51b, 52a, 53d, 54b, 55c, 56c, 57b, 58a, 59a, 60c, 61e, 62c, 63a, 64d, 65e, 66d, 67c, 68a, 69e, 70a, 71c, 72e, 73e, 74a, 75b, 76e, 77b, 78c, 79b, 80b, 81b, 82d, 83a. 84c, 85e, 86b, 87d, 88a, 89c, 90d, 91b, 92a, 93c, 94e, 95d, 96a, 97c, 98d, 99e, 100a, 101c, 102b, 103e, 104e, 105c, 106b, 107a, 108a, 109b, 110c, 111d, 112b, 113c, 114a, 115a, 116d, 117d, 118d, 119c, 120e, 121c.