Curvature and Relativity - Summer 2012
Gauss
Carl Gauss (1777-1855)
Riemann
Georg Riemann (1826-1866)
Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

COURSE: MATH 4900

TIME AND PLACE: 11:20-12:50 MTWRF in Gilbreath Hall 314

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Robert Gardner

OFFICE: Room 308F of Gilbreath Hall

OFFICE HOURS: By appointment.

PHONE: 439-6979 (308F Gilbreath), Math Department Office 439-4349

E-MAIL: gardnerr@etsu.edu

WEBPAGE: faculty.etsu.edu/gardnerr/gardner.htm (see my webpage for a copy of this course syllabus, copies of the classnotes in PDF and Postscript formats, and updates for the course).

TEXT: Differential Geometry and Relativity Theory, An Introduction by Richard L. Faber, Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 75, copyright 1983 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. (ISBN 0-8247-1749-X).

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT: Relativity: The Special and the General Theory by Albert Einstein. This can be found as a cheap paperback, but is also available online, for example at "Google books.''

PREREQUISITES: Multivariable calculus and linear algebra (the more, the better!).

ABOUT THE CLASS: This course will be roughly broken into three parts: (1) differential geometry (with an emphasis on curvature), (2) special relativity, and (3) general relativity. We will spend about half of our time on differential geometry. We will then take a "break" and address special relativity. The class will finish (and climax) with general relativity and a discussion of black holes. We will deal at length with the (differential geometry) topics of curvature, intrinsic and extrinsic properties of a surface and manifold. We will briefly survey special relativity (giving coverage that a physicist would consider fairly thorough, but which a geometer would consider a "shallow survey"). In particular, we will "outline" (as the text puts it) Einstein's field equations and derive the Schwarzschild solution (which involves a nonrotating, spherical mass). We will see the differential geometry concepts come to the aid of gravitation theory. We will discuss gravitational redshift, precessions of orbits, the "bending of light," black holes, and the global topology of the universe.

MY TEACHING STYLE FOR THIS CLASS: We will go at a maddening rate. My lectures will follow from the overheads which I present in class and which are available online.

GRADING: Your grade will be determined based on your performance on assigned homework problems. Very roughly, you will be assigned 3 or 4 problems per section we cover.

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION: A presentation of "Relativity and Black Holes" will be given on July 27 (tentative date). This show includes a survey of the results we will see this semester. It also includes extensive historical references to the individuals responsible for these results (Lorentz, Einstein, Minkowski, and Schwarzschild). Since this is a math class, we will not spend any time on observational astronomy, but the presentation includes some of the observational evidence for black holes. The primary source for the presentation is Kip Thorne's excellent Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (1994, W. W. Norton Publishing). A web-based version of the show is available at http://faculty.etsu.edu/gardnerr/planetarium/relat/relatabs.htm.

VIDEOS: We will watch two videos in class. "The Shape of Space" is a clever introduction to three-dimensional manifolds. We will discuss the possible global topologies of our universe, and ways to empirically detect this structure. A webpage by The Geometry Center accompanies the video: www.geom.umn.edu/video/sos/. The webpage gives additional information on the topic, as well as some hands-on projects suitable for high-school-level students.

The Science Channel aired an episode of Through the Wormhole (starring Morgan Freeman) on June 15, 2011 titled "Is There an Edge to the Universe?" A brief description of the episode is online at:

http://science.discovery.com/tv/through-the-wormhole/episodes/edge-of-the-universe/
You can watch it online at:
http://www.1clickwatch.com/through-the-wormhole-s02e02-is-there-an-edge-to-the-universe-hdtv-xvid-diverge/
Although this series frequently contains non-mainstream topics, the first half of this show is mostly accurate (and visually sophisticated). A third video "Einstein's Universe" is available on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZmeB8eVISU). This television show was created by the B.B.C. in 1979 to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Einstein's birth. Though over 30 years old, the video still contains excellent explanations of time dilation, length contraction, and the effects of a strong gravitational field (such as that experienced by someone orbiting a black hole). The companion book is Einstein's Universe by Nigel Calder (New York: Viking Press, 1979).

ABOUT THE INDEPENDENT STUDY: You will attend the same lectures as the graduate-level Differential Geometry (MATH 5310) class. However, you will be given specific assignments for the undergraduate Independent Study and your class will be different.

Blackhole Albert Einstein Wormhole
Blackhole image from: http://www.voyagesolarsystem.org/images/DC/image_pow-mod_4zm.jpg
Wormhole image from: http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schww.html#worm

Tentative Schedule
DAY
DATE
TOPIC
1
MON 7/9
1.1=Curves: arclength, tangent vector, curvature
2
TUE 7/10
1.1 (cont.): binormal vector, torsion
1.2=Gauss Curvature: normal section, principal curvature
3
WED 7/11
1.3=Surfaces in E3: surfaces of revolution, parallels
1.4=First Fundamental Form: metric form, intrinsic property
4
THR 7/12
1.5=Second Fundamental Form: Frenet Frame, normal curvature
5
FRI 7/13
1.6=Gauss Curvature in Detail: principal curvature
6
MON 7/16
1.6 (cont.), 1.7=Geodesics: Christoffel symbols
7
TUE 7/17
1.7 (cont.): "straight lines," more geodesics
8
WED 7/18
1.8=Curvature Tensor: Theorema Egregium
9
THR 7/19
1.9=Manifolds: coordinates
10
FRI 7/20
1.9(cont.): smooth manifold, vectors as operators, inner products
11
MON 7/23
Video: Shape of Space
Video: Is There an Edge to the Universe?
12
TUE 7/24
The Shape of Space
13
WED 7/25
PowerPoint: Relativity and Black Holes
14
THR 7/26
2.1=Inertial Frames, 2.2=Michelson-Morley Experiment: stellar aberration
Einstein: Preface, 1.1-1.6
15
FRI 7/27
2.3=Postulates of Relativity, 2.4=Simultaneity, 2.5=Coordinates
Einstein: 1.7-1.12
16
MON 7/30
2.6=Invariance of the Interval
2.7=Lorentz Transformation: invariance of the interval
17
TUE 7/31
2.7 (cont.), Einstein: Appendix I, 1.13-1.17
18
WED 8/1
2.8=Spacetime Diagrams
19
THR 8/2
2.9=Lorentz Geometry, 2.10=Twin Paradox: Doppler effect, 2.11=Causality
20
FRI 8/3
3.1=Principle of Equivalence, 3.2=Gravity as Spacetime Curvature
21
MON 8/6
3.3=Consequences of General Relativity
3.6=Geodesics: timelike, lightlike, spacelike
3.7=Field Equations: Ricci tensor, Einstein: 2.18-2.11, Appendix III
22
TUE 8/7
3.8=Schwarzschild solution, Einstein: 2.23-2.29, Appendix IV
23
WED 8/8
3.9=Orbits in General Relativity: precessions
24
THR 8/9
3.10=Bending of Light, Einstein: 3.30-3.32, Appendix V
Black Holes: Schwarzschild radius
25
FRI 8/10
Black Holes (cont.): Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates, gravitational redshift
"Einstein" refers to readings from the supplemental text.

Section
Problems
Due Date
Points
1.1
2, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 11a
Friday 7/15
3+4+3+3+3+3=19
1.2
1.3
3
2d, 7a, 7b, 7c, BONUS: 8b
Thursday 7/19
3+3+2+2+2+(3)=12+(3)
1.4
1.5
3a, 13
3a, BONUS: 8
Thursday 7/19
3+3+3+(3)=9+(3)
1.6
1a, 2a, 2b
Friday 7/27
3+3+3=9
1.7
1, 2a, BONUS: 4b
Wednesday 8/1
3+3+(3)=6+(3)
1.8
1.9
1c
4, BONUS: 6a
Friday 8/3
3+3+(3)=6+(3)
2.4
2.5
1, 4
2
Wednesday 8/8
3+3+3=9
2.6
2.7
2.8
3
3abc BONUS: 6
8ab
Thursday 8/9
3+6+3+(3)=12+(3)
3.8
3.9
3.10
2
3
2
Friday 8/10
3+3+3=9
TOTAL
-
-
91+(15)

Bonus points are in parentheses.


Return to Bob Gardner's home page Last updated: August 10, 2012.