Introduction to Modern Algebra - Spring 2013

Arthur Cayley, 1821-1895

Niels Henrik Abel, 1802-1829

Evariste Galois, 1811-1832

Emmy Noether, 1882-1935



The spring 2013 Introduction to Modern Algebra class

COURSE: MATH 4127-001, Call # 20495

TIME AND PLACE: 9:45-11:05 TR in Brown Hall room 476

INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Robert Gardner OFFICE HOURS: 12:40-1:30 TR

OFFICE: Room 308F of Gilbreath Hall

PHONE: 439-6979 (308F Gilbreath), Math Department Office 439-4349

E-MAIL:gardnerr@etsu.edu
WEBPAGE: http://faculty.etsu.edu/gardnerr/gardner.htm (see my webpage for a copy of this course syllabus, copies of the classnotes in PDF, and updates for the course).

TEXT: A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, by John B. Fraleigh (2002).

CLASS NOTES: We will use overheads for component of the lecture consisting of definitions, statements of theorems, and some examples. I will use the white board for additional examples and proofs of theorems. Copies of the notes are online at: http://faculty.etsu.edu/gardnerr/4127/notes.htm It is strongly recommended that you get printed copies of the overheads before the material is covered in class. This will save you from writing down most notes in class and you can concentrate on listening and supplementing the notes with comments which you find relevant. You should read the online notes to be covered in class before each class (we may not have class time to cover every little detail in the online notes). Try to understand the definitions, the examples, and the meanings of the theorems. After each class, you should read the section of the book covered in that class, paying particular attention to examples and proofs.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
Groups and Their Graphs by Israel Grossman and Wilhelm Magnus, New York: Yale University Press, 1964. Our text does not give many details or examples of Cayley digraphs (in Section 7), but this book goes into a reasonable amount of detail and includes many more examples.
Visual Group Theory by Nathan Carter, New York: Mathematical Association of America, 2009. I will use this resource for some motivational and geometric examples.
Algebra by Thomas W. Hungerford, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1974. This is a standard graduate level algebra textbook. I will lightly rely on it for deeper results and proofs (some of which are omitted from out text).
A History of Abstract Algebra, by Isreal Kleiner, Boston: Birkhauser, 2007. As time permits, I will insert some historical comments and this is be a reliable source of such information.

PREREQUISITES: As the ETSU catalog states, the prerequisites for this class are Linear Algebra (MATH 2010) and Mathematical Reasoning (MATH 2800). We will depend heavily on both of these prerequisites, especially Mathematical Reasoning. Several examples will require knowledge of matrices. We will also have examples related to modular arithmetic and complex numbers, but this material will be reviewed in the class.

GRADING: Your grade will be determined by the average on three tests (T1-T3), and homework (HW). Your average is determined by

AVERAGE = (T1 + T2 + T3 + 3HW)/6.
Grades will be assigned based on a 10 point scale with "plus" and "minus" grades being assigned as appropriate (based on grade points assigned by the university, on a plus/minus 3 point system). Each test will be 50% short answer/state a definition/give an example/computation and 50% proofs. Occasionally, the homework assignments will include bonus problems, but there are no other options for extra credit.

THE FINAL: We will use the time for the final to take a third (noncomprehensive) test on Thursday, May 9 from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.

DESIRE2LEARN: I will not rely on the Desire2Learn ("elearn") website. Instead, I will simply post all material directly on the internet.

SYLLABUS ATTACHMENT: You can find an on-line version of the university's syllabus attachment (which contains general information concerning advisement, honor codes, dropping, etc.) at: http://www.etsu.edu/reg/documents/PDF/Syllabus_Attachment.pdf.

PRE-FINALS WEEK POLICY: The week before finals week is called "Pre-Finals Week" (the week of May 6 this semester). ETSU has a policy which is explained both in the ETSU Faculty Handbook and the ETSU Student Handbook stating that instructors cannot administer finals during Pre-Finals Week (the primary exception being lab classes). You can access the Student Handbook and Pre-Finals Week policy online at: http://catalog.etsu.edu/content.php?catoid=7&navoid=295. KNOW YOUR RIGHTS! You have the right to take your finals during finals week and you should be provided the proper amount of time to prepare for your finals. The specific policy from the Student Handbook is (emphasis added by me):

"The following policy will apply only to undergraduate courses taught during the fall and spring semesters. Activities pursued within the classroom during Pre-Finals Week shall be at the instructor’s discretion within the guidelines set forth in this policy as dictated by TBR regulations. Classes will continue to meet at their regularly scheduled time periods during the last week of formal classes. Under no circumstances will this week be used for final examinations. Exceptions shall be made for laboratories. It is recommended that at least some portion of the last week of classes be used as a review period, when appropriate. The scope and duration of such review will be determined by the instructor. Because communication between instructor and student is of utmost importance, faculty will strive to keep the student informed of his/her progress throughout the semester. This process will continue through the last week of classes as much as is possible for the instructor. Faculty will avoid unscheduled tests, quizzes, or other unscheduled work during this final week of class. Exceptions to this, of course, are make-up tests and make-up assignments."
The same policy is spelled out in the Faculty Handbook, Section 5 (these website accessed 12/9/2012).

NOTE: This class is probably the most abstract math class you will take in your undergraduate curriculum! It covers material from the area of mathematics known both as "abstract algebra" and "modern algebra." Both terms are accurate; the second deserves some explanation. This class does not deal with "classical algebra" in the sense of dealing with polynomials, quadratic equations, and "solving for x." However, the topics of this class are inspired by these classical problems and ultimately our topics do deal with these topics (as well as many others). Primarily, this class deals with groups and rings. An additional topic is fields, and this area is dealt with mostly in the second course in the introductory algebra sequence (namely, Introduction to Modern Algebra 2, MATH 4137/5137). This class is a prerequisite for the graduate level Modern Algebra 1 (MATH 5410).

The rule of thumb is that you should allot an appropriate amount of time for your studies, at the freshman and sophomore level, at least 2 hours outside of class for each hour spent in class. This is a minimum for a class of this level!

IMPORTANT DATES (see http://www.etsu.edu/etsu/academicdates.aspx for the official ETSU calendar):
Monday, January 21 = Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday.
Wednesday, January 30 = Last day for 75% refund of fees.
Wednesday, January 30 = Last day to drop without a grade of "W."
Wednesday, February 13 = Last day for 25% refund of fees.
Thursday, February 21 = Test 1 (0, I.1-I.7).
Monday through Friday, March 11 to March 16 = Spring Break Holiday.
Wednesday, March 13 = Last day to drop without dean's permission.
Tuesday, April 9 = Test 2 (II.8-II.11, III.13-III.15).
Wednesday, May 1 = Last day to withdraw from the university.
Friday, May 3 = Last day of class.
Thursday, May 9 = Final (Test 3, IV.18-IV.23), 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. (the final exam schedule is online at http://www.etsu.edu/reg/registration/finalexam.aspx).

Other Supplemental Material

Our tentative schedule is as follows:

DAY
SECTION
THR 1/17
Introduction;
Supplement: Why am I in this Class?
TUE 1/22
0. Sets and Relations
THR 1/24
I.1. Introduction and Examples
TUE 1/29
I.2. Binary Operations
THR 1/31
I.3. Isomorphic Binary Operations
TUE 2/5
I.4. Groups
THR 2/7
I.5. Subgroups
TUE 2/12
I.6. Cyclic Groups
THR 2/14
I.7. Generating Sets and Cayley Digraphs
TUE 2/19
Review
THR 2/21
Test 1 (0, I.1-I.7)
TUE 2/26
II.8. Groups and Permutations
THR 2/28
II.9. Orbits, Cycles, and the Alternating Groups
TUE 3/5
II.9. cont.
THR 3/7
II.10. Cosets and the Theorem of Lagrange
TUE 3/12
Spring Break
THR 3/14
Spring Break
TUE 3/19
II.11. Direct Products and Finitely Generated Abelian Groups;
Supplement: Small Groups
THR 3/21
III.13. Homomorphisms
TUE 3/26
III.13. Homomorphisms (cont.)
III.14. Factor Groups
THR 3/28
III.14. Factor Groups (cont.)
Tue 4/2
III.15. Factor-Group Compositions and Simple Groups
Supplement: The Alternating Groups An are Simple for n ≥ 5
THR 4/4
Supplement: Simple Groups;
Review
TUE 4/9
Test 2 (II.8-II.11, III.13-III.15)
THR 4/11
IV.18. Rings and Fields
TUE 4/16
IV.19. Integral Domains
THR 4/18
IV.20. Fermat's and Euler's Theorems
TUE 4/23
IV.21. The Field of Quotients of an Integral Domain
THR 4/25
IV.22. Rings of Polynomials
TUE 4/30
IV.23. Factorization of Polynomials over a Field
THR 5/2
Review
THR 5/9
Test 3 (IV.18-IV.23)

Homework

YOU MUST SHOW ALL DETAILS ON THE HOMEWORK PROBLEMS!!! Justify every step and claim you make - this is how you convince me that you know what you are doing. Partial answers to some of the odd numbered problems are given in the back of the book. However, these answers are not explained in any level of detail, so you are expected to provide the details.

While I suspect that you may work with each other on the homework problems (in fact, I encourage you to), I expect that the work you turn in is your own and that you understand it. If I get homework from two (or more) of you that is virtually identical, then neither of you will get any credit. Some of the homework problems are fairly standard for this class, and you may find proofs online. However, the online proofs may not be done with the notation, definitions, and specific methods which we are developing and, therefore, are not acceptable for this class. You are expected to give all details and document all claims on the homework!!!

Section
Problems
Solutions
Due Date
Points
0. Sets and Relations
14a, 17, 34
Solutions
Friday, 1/25
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
I.1. Introduction and Examples
19, 33, 36
Solutions
Friday, 2/1
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
I.2. Binary Operations
11, 23b, 37
Solutions
Friday 2/8
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
I.3. Isomorphic Binary Operations
8, 27b, Bonus: 27a
Solutions
Friday 2/8
5 + 5 + (5) = 10 + (5)
I.4. Groups
2, 19b, 32, Bonus: 34
Solutions
Friday 2/15
5 + 5 + 5 + (5) = 15 + (5)
I.5. Subgroups
28, 52
Solutions
Friday 2/15
5 + 5 = 10
I.6. Cyclic Groups
37
Solutions
Friday 3/1
5 = 5
I.7. Generating Sets and Cayley Digraphs
3, 9
Solutions
Friday 3/1
5 + 5 =10
II.8. Groups and Permutations
4, 18a, 52
Solutions
Friday 3/1
5 + 5 + 10 = 20
II.9. Orbits, Cycles, and the Alternating Groups
3, 12, 19, 29, Bonus: 27a
Solutions
Friday 3/8
5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + (5) = 20 + (5)
II.10. Cosets and the Theorem of Lagrange
6 & 7, 13 (modified), 45
Solutions
Friday 3/22
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
II.11. Direct Products and Finitely Generated Abelian Groups
20, 26, 50, 51
Solutions
Friday 3/29
5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20
III.13. Homomorphisms
7, 29, 51
Solutions
Friday 3/29
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
III.14. Factor Groups
4, 24, 31
Solutions
Friday 4/5
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
III.15. Factor-Group Compositions and Simple Groups
3
Solutions
Friday 4/5
5 = 5
IV.18. Rings and Fields
20, 37, 18A
Solutions
Friday 4/19
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
IV.19. Integral Domains
12, 19A
Solutions
Friday 4/19
5 + 5 = 10
IV.20. Fermat's and Euler's Theorems
5, 9, 27
Solutions
Friday 4/26
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
IV.21. The Field of Quotients of an Integral Domain
1, 11, 12a, Bonus: 13
Solutions
Friday 4/26
5 + 5 + 5 + (5) = 15 + (5)
IV.22. Rings of Polynomials
15, 27a
Solutions
Friday 5/3
5 + 5 = 10
IV.23. Factorization of Polynomials over a Field
2, 9, 23A
Solutions
Friday 5/3
5 + 5 + 5 = 15
TOTAL
-
-
-
285 + (20)
The numbers in parentheses represent bonus problems.


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Last updated: April 28, 2013.